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Clinical scientists in histocompatibility and immunogenetics
This page describes the work of clinical scientists in histocompatability and immunogenetics, including information on entry requirements and training programmes.
Working as a clinical scientist in histocompatability and immunogenetics
The word histocompatability comes from the Greek word histo (meaning tissue), and is used to describe the genetic systems that determine whether an individual will accept or reject transplanted organs or tissue. In humans these genes are found within a region on chromosome six called the Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC). The term immunogenetics defines a sub-speciality of immunology which involves the study of genes within the MHC are involved in determining an immune response. Many genes found within the MHC are involved in determining an immune response, and therefore have an important role in many disease processes.Clinical scientists within this area of work are mostly involved in the genetic matching of prospective solid organ and haemopoietic stem cell (includes bone marrow) donors with patients. This is generally known as HLA typing or tissue-typing. Several tests are required to ensure optimum matching between donors and patients, and the clinical scientists are responsible for advising clinicians as to which donor is the best match. Clinical scientists in histocompatability & immunogenetics (H&I) may also be involved in the investigation of blood transfusion related reactions and in performing tests to determine whether a patient has a genetic predisposition for a particular disease known to be associated with genes found within the MHC such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, diabetes and haemochromatosis.
As highly variable histocompatability genes reflect genetic differences between human populations, clinical scientists may also be involved in anthropology studies.
Entry requirements:
Employers of H&I clinical scientists in the United Kingdom include NHS hospital trusts (generally within transportation or immunology departments), The National Blood Authority and also the private sector (e.g. the Anthony Nolan Trust). Other scientists in this field may also be employed in research positions within university departments.Career entry begins at graduate level as a trainee clinical scientist. The requirements include a second class (or above) degree in the biomedical sciences (e.g. biochemistry, genetics, immunology and related subjects. For information about how to apply for positions as a trainee clinical scientist, click here.
Training programmes:
Training is provided throughout career development and begins with a three year training programme, under the auspices of the British Society of Histocompatability and Immunogenetics, called the BSHI Certificate. This training includes the completion of a logbook covering all areas of H&I, completion of three written essays and a research project or dissertation.The training programme is externally assessed and it is sometimes possible to combine this training with a related MSc degree. Throughout this training the trainee clinical scientist will learn how to undertake many different laboratory procedures including serological assays, molecular biology (DNA based) methods and cellular techniques. The trainee clinical scientist will also learn how the H&I laboratory assists in the optimum selection of donors for transplants and helps in the management of the transplant recipient.
Throughout training the clinical scientist is expected to undertake extensive private study and attend training seminars, and may spend time in another laboratory to acquire particular skills. The award of the BSHI Certificate is recognition that essential laboratory competencies have been achieved at an acceptable level.
Following the basic training as described above, the clinical scientist will participate in an approved continuing professional development scheme such as that co-ordinated by BSHI. This involves documentation of all learning achievements. Post-basic training positions for clinical scientists can be applied for these are usually five year, fixed term appointments. During this higher training period, the clinical scientist will consolidate their basic training by applying the competencies gained to routine work including out of hours duties. There are three achievable targets during this stage of training, which are:
- Registration as a clinical scientist - Registration is recognition that an individual can practice patient support skills in an unsupervised capacity and is a requirement for appointment to career grade posts
- Higher degree research e.g. MSc/PhD - Training towards a higher degree by research is supervised by an appropriately qualified university appointee.
- Part 1 examination in H&I set by the Royal College of Pathologists - Training to sit this examination is usually undertaken in a College approved training laboratory and involves the consolidation of all the basic training competencies. The candidate should have a broad understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of the field and have an up-to-date knowledge of all the latest developments. The part 1 examination consists of two written papers, each three hours in length, and from each four questions from a total of five must be answered. If a pass is achieved in the written exam, the candidate will be invited to proceed to the practical and oral examinations (normally taken around six weeks after the written exams). The practical exam involves the performance of tests relating to HLA matching, the candidate will also be examined on general laboratory technique, adherence to safety procedures, and their ability to interpret and report results. Following the practical exam a short oral examination will take place to discuss any unclear issues from both the written and practical examinations.
Applying for clinical science training
For information on how to apply for clinical scientist training, and financial support available while training, please click here.Further training:
Part 2 examination in H&I set by the Royal College of Pathologists - This examination is usually attempted one or two years following the Part 1 exam and most candidates will have achieved a PhD degree by research. The Part 2 exam involves a viva voca with two examiners and the PhD thesis will be reviewed. The candidate may be asked to give a short presentation and questions will be asked regarding post-basic training including the experience of giving advice on the relevance of clinical test, management, training, R&D, etc.The title of Member of the Royal College of Pathologists is awarded to candidates successful in both the Part 1 and 2 examinations.
Career prospects:
Clinical scientists can develop their careers through a range of openings including research, management and education. They are encouraged to continually expand their knowledge as advances are made.With training, responsibility and experience, clinical scientists can reach the highest level in the profession, attaining consultant status, where they are likely to be in charge of a large department or making a significant contribution to their area of expertise.
As well as moving to more senior specialised roles within their area, clinical scientists also have the chance to take on additional responsibilities and progress within the organisation as part of the NHS Career Framework.
You can find out more about the Career Framework on the Skills for Health website at http://www.skillsforhealth.org.uk/careerframework/
Registration
In order to practice in the UK as a clinical scientist, you must be registered with the Health Professions Council. Click here for details.Further information:
For further information about a career as a clinical scientist working in histocompatability and immunogenetics, contact the British Society for Histocompatability and Immunogenetics (BSHI) - click here for detailsClick on the links on the right for additional information..
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